Affrimative Action - 1752 Words

Affirmative Action is it still Valuable COM/220 June 4, 2013 Affirmative action, what is it? Affirmative action is an active effort to improve the employment or educational opportunities of members of minority groups and women. (Affirmative action. (2013). In Merriam Webster. Retrieved from http://m-w.com) Affirmative action is very important in our modern society, Affirmative action is the most effective way of addressing discrimination against minorities and women. Affirmative action has been around for several years and is still needed today. Affirmative action has been very helpful in court cases in society since it has become a law. In 1954 there was the Brown vs. Board of Education case, which made it possible†¦show more content†¦Affirmative action helps universities have a much needed diversity among the campuses. Without affirmative action in place the enrollment numbers for minorities are thought to plummet. It is thought that the rate of African American student enrollment would drop an astonishing 18 percent. The His panic enrollment would drop about one half. With this would cause the feeling of prejudice and discrimination. Affirmative action has decreased and is thought that this has happened because of the expense. One expense is financial aid as people feel that many minorities need financial aid. Financial aid is used by all races so this is an untrue statement. Affirmative action is still needed for diversity and the commonwealth of universities around the country. IT has been said that we must not forget this country’s history, with our history of racism and discrimination, it is very important to keep affirmative action in our modern society. History has been said to prevail. Opponents of affirmative action deem it as stereotypical and discriminative in itself. This is not a true statement. Affirmative action is equal opportunities for minorities, to receive the same education and earnings as the majority. Six states have banned public institutions from using affirmative action, those statesShow MoreRelatedThe Precedency: Supporting the Affrimative Action Essay1486 Words   |  6 PagesAffirmative action is a government policy that gives opportunities to minorities, women, and any group who has been the victim of discrimination in the past. Affirmative action is the outcome of the 1960’s Civil Rights movement, growing out of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 which outlawed discrimination based on race, ethnicity, or gender. It was the 1978 Supreme Court decision, The Regents of the University of California v. Bakke, which allowed for the use of race-based preferences as a means ofRead MoreAffirmative Action Thesis3278 Words   |  14 Pagesaffirmative action By: lauren Affirmative Action Thesis: Although many people believe that affirmative Action is a form of racism, it is actually used to help minorities find employment in an otherwise racist world. In the United States, equality is a recurring theme. It has flared into a fervent moral issue at crucial stages of American history: The revolutionary and Jacksonian Period, and the New Deal. In each era, the legitimacy of American society is challenged by some set of people unhappyRead MoreThe Life Of Karl Marx And Max Weber1834 Words   |  8 Pagesemployment. Between whites and blacks in America, â€Å"whites have higher levels of education than black workers† (Doetsch Maloney, 2013) which in turn affects the skill level of black workers in the labour force. Although policy intitiatives such as affrimative action have been put forth to account for the barriers to adequate education blacks face and to address the lower rates of highly skilled black labourers, unemployment based on race crea ted a class of people who are unable to be gainfully employed

The Yellow Wallpaper a Stifling Relationship - 1609 Words

Husband-Doctor: A Stifling Relationship In Gilmans the Yellow Wallpaper At the beginning of The Yellow Wallpaper, the protagonist, Jane, has just given birth to a baby boy. Although for most mothers a newborn infant is a joyous time, for others, like Jane, it becomes a trying emotional period that is now popularly understood to be the common disorder, postpartum depression. For example, Jane describes herself as feeling a lack of strength (Colm, 3) and as becoming dreadfully fretful and querulous (Jeannette and Morris, 25). In addition, she writes, I cry at nothing and cry most of the time (Jeannette and Morris, 23). However, as the term postpartum depression was not in the vocabulary of this time period, John, Janes†¦show more content†¦However, the text of Janes diary not only reveals Janes awareness that John is manipulating her, it also provides evidence that she has learned to turn the tables on his supposed authority. As Greg Johnson has pointed out, Janes descriptions of John are typically sarcastic and mocking (524). For instance, even as Gilman makes it clear that Jane recognizes Johns forced captivity as mainly to blame for her continued illnessÂâ€"I wish he would take me away from here!Ââ€"immediately after this entreaty, Jane writes It is so hard to talk with John about my case, because he is so wise, and because he loves me so (Roudiez). For John, that of which he is not in strict control, such as Janes writing (Kristeva), is considered absurd precisely because it reduces his power. The idea that there is such a thing, for example, as ghostliness is inconceivable to John because it cannot be felt and seen. Therefore, he refuses to even listen to Janes thoughts on the topic. For instance, when she tried to have a real earnest reasonable talk with him the other day, and tell him how [she] wish[ed] he would let [her] go and make a visit to Cousin Henry and Julia (Kristeva), John disallows such an action as it would constitute a break in the schedule he had, in his patronizing belief that Father knows best, set for her. Rather than consider the potential validity of Janes suggestion, dear John gathered me up in hisShow MoreRelated The Yellow Wallpaper: A Stifling Relationship1551 Words   |  7 Pages Husband-Doctor: A Stifling Relationship In Gilman’s â€Å"the Yellow Wallpaper† At the beginning of â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper†, the protagonist, Jane, has just given birth to a baby boy. Although for most mothers a newborn infant is a joyous time, for others, like Jane, it becomes a trying emotional period that is now popularly understood to be the common disorder, postpartum depression. For example, Jane describes herself as feeling a â€Å"lack of strength† (Colm, 3) and as becoming â€Å"dreadfully fretful andRead More`` The Yellow Wallpaper `` And `` It s A Girl ``1651 Words   |  7 PagesPerkins Gilmans, who wrote â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† to challenge the ideals of society and their treatment towards women. Gilman, faced with the discriminatory and prejudiced challenges of her gender, her childhood shadowed and pelted on with poverty, and her mind plagued with the constant, deafening humming of nervous postpartum depression, unambiguously determined that she was going to raise her voice against constant chattering of chauvinist v alues. â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† is a direct echo of Gilman’sRead MoreThe Witch Trail Of The Salem Witch Trails1529 Words   |  7 Pagesthis time, shows that although middle class women had the freedom to pursue domestic endeavors, they still remain subjugated by patriarchal standards. In â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† Gilman shows that the narrator is oppressed, through expectations of marriage, relationships with her husband and her sister in law, and her connection to the wallpaper. First, Gillman uses the marriage between the protagonist and her husband John to illustrate oppression through control. John’s role as her husband and physicianRead MoreComparison between The Yellow Wallpaper and A Rose for Emily969 Words   |  4 Pagesstories, â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† by Charlotte Perkins Gilman and â€Å"A Rose for Emily† by William Faulkner, both female protagonists, experience a time of seclusion leading to self- realization. Hence, both of these pieces of literature illustrate the troubles of women in a male-dominated society. As a result, both characters experience oppression by overbearing male influences and are physically and emotionally isolated. â€Å"A Rose for Emily† and â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† take place inRead More The Yellow Wall-Paper1302 Words   |  6 PagesIn the â€Å"The Yellow Wall-paper,† the author, Charlotte Perkins Gilman, writes about a struggling mentally ill woman, named Jane, trying to work through her individuality and her own depression. This story is centered around her bedroom, her mental state, and the yellow wall-paper on the walls in her room. The reader can easily feel the pain, anguish, despair, and struggles of a woman going through a depressive state. Gilman writes about the individual succession of the woman’s mental state throughRead MoreThe Yellow Wallpaper By Charlotte Perkins Gilman1442 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† Charlotte Perkins Gilman was one of the most prominent feminists of her century. She brilliantly created a haunting and gothic allegory in her short story, â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper.† It was difficult for women to express themselves in a male dominant society, and they would often try to seek greater fulfillment. Gilman takes her audience through her unnamed character’s journey of emotional deterioration, and her quest for control over her own life. The author’s allegory for theRead MoreBehind The Walls Of A Bad Marriage1425 Words   |  6 PagesAmy Paul English 1B Lerma 3 March 2015 Word Count: 1407 Behind the Walls of a Bad Marriage Charlotte Perkins Gilman’s â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† is a startling representation of 19th century gender inequality and how it affected women in their marriages. It illustrates the way women of the 19th century were treated as subordinates in their relationships with men, and the negative psychological side effects this often had. The narrator, who remains nameless throughout the story, finds herself trappedRead MoreThe Influence of Masculine Gender Roles in The Yellow Wallpaper1697 Words   |  7 PagesInterpretive Essay on The Yellow Wallpaper The Yellow Wallpaper tells the story of a woman living in the nineteenth century who suffers from postpartum depression. The true meaning implicit in Charlottes story goes beyond a simple psychological speculation. The story consists of a series of cleverly constructed short paragraphs, in which the author illustrates, through the unnamed protagonists experiences, the possible outcome of womens acceptance of mens supposed intellectual superiorityRead MoreCharlotte Perkins Gilman’s â€Å"the Yellow Wallpaper†: the Use of Symbolism to Express the Psychological, Sexual, and Creative Oppression Experienced by Women in the Twentieth Century3480 Words   |  14 PagesAmber Gonzalez 12/6/11 English 2213 Melissa Whitney Charlotte Perkins Gilman’s â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper†: The Use of Symbolism to Express The Psychological, Sexual, and Creative Oppression Experienced by Women In The Twentieth Century Charlotte Perkins Gilman wrote â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† in the late 1800’s while being treating by the very trusted Weir Mitchell. During this time women were commonly admitted into the care of doctors by their husbands without their given consent. At this timeRead MoreThe Yellow Wallpaper and Feminism2126 Words   |  9 Pagesshortcomings that history has given them. In Charlotte Perkin Gilman’s short story, â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper,† the dominance of a patriarchal society is exposed. The verisimilitude of Gilman’s imagery of the setting lengthily describes the isolation and confinement of the narrator and their effects on her. The house she is staying in is her own prison, and is a symbol of her isolation from society. Her room with the yellow wallpaper is another representation of the narrator’s oppression and her ambition to break

Down S Syndrome Essay Research Paper I free essay sample

Down S Syndrome Essay, Research Paper I. What I knew I remember looking at my cousin Ricky and inquiring why he looked so different. He was the lone 1 in a household of dark skinned Hispanics who was blunt white. He had blond hair, beadlike bluish eyes, a compact organic structure frame and a laugh that echoed throughout the mountains of Tucson. Most of the clip he was his happy gay ego but the remainder of the clip he was ill. I can retrieve how paranoid everyone would acquire anytime person got a little cough. My aunt used to ever state, Ricky can t acquire ill or he might decease. The truth of the affair was the physician s had told her that he would non populate to see the stamp age of seven. The lone thing I knew at the clip was that Ricky sure looked amusing when he laughed because you could barely see his eyes and he didn t talk really good at all. They told us that he looked different from us because he was retarded. My aunt said he was particular because he was a Mongoloid. II. What I Wanted to Know There are many inquiries I had but alternatively decided to concentrate on the one s I felt most strongly about: *Why are some Peoples born with Down s syndrome? *What is the life anticipation of a individual with Down s syndrome? *Is there any type of intervention? III. Searching My hunt began by doing several trips to the UTSA library every bit good as to the San Antonio library and disbursement several hours on my computing machine at place looking for whatever information I could happen about Down s Syndrome. I was besides able to interview a physician I knew in the Navy who gave me a batch of information on my subject. I was besides lucky that my aunt Delia who is the female parent of a 20 eight twelvemonth old adult male with Down s happened to be in town for a nuptials and gave me first manus cognition of my subject. Down # 8217 ; s syndrome is a familial status affecting an excess chromosome, this alteration occurs around the clip of construct. Harmonizing to some information I found Child with Down Syndrome ( DS ) history for one of every 800 births. The hazard of chromosome upsets like DS, trisomy 13 and trisomy 18 additions with maternal age. The incidence of DS at birth is lower at age 20 ( 1/1600 ) than at age 35 ( 1/370 ) , but many younger adult females have kids than older adult females. So most ( 75-80 % ) DS kids are born to younger adult females. If a twosome has a kid with DS, there is normally an increased hazard for a 2nd affected kid. ( Smith ) Peoples with Down # 8217 ; s syndrome all have a certain grade of acquisition disablement. This means that they develop and learn more easy than other kids. However, most kids with Down # 8217 ; s syndrome today will walk and speak, many will read and compose, travel to ordinary school, and look frontward to a semi- independent grownup life. ( 636-638, Platt and Carlson ) Generally, life anticipation is reduced by 10-20 old ages. Some people with Down Syndrome, nevertheless, have been known to populate into their 80 # 8217 ; s. ( hypertext transfer protocol: //www.nas.com/downsyn/faq2.html ) After questioning Dr. James Montgomery a Navy medical officer he gave me some things that people who suffer from Down s have to cover with. *Down syndrome is non a lethal. One to two per centum of individuals born with this upset have uncontrollable bosom defects at birth. The norm life anticipation for all others is now beyond age 55 old ages. *Today less than 5 % of individuals with Down syndrome have severe-to- profound mental deceleration. The bulk are on the boundary line of mild-to-moderate mental deceleration, and some are exhibiting normal IQ tonss today. *The mean reading degree for individuals with Down syndrome is 3rd class, with many reading at 6th-12th class degrees today. There is no remedy for this syndrome, but the option non to hold a kid with Down already exists. Trials during gestation can observe the status. Harmonizing to one survey where they tested the Serum testing it was found to be able to observe between 36percent and 76 per centum of foetuss affected by Down s syndrome, depending on the combinations of serum markers used. ( 407-412, Bobrow, Hall, and Marteau ) It is apparent that the argument over showing for Down syndrome is far from settled. It is besides apparent that people with Down syndrome can do an of import part to our society. I think if parents are non prepared to take on the challenges of a kid with Down syndrome they should hold options, should one of these options be abortion? IV. What I Learned I would hold a difficult clip back uping person # 8217 ; s determination to abort, particularly holding lived with my cousin Ricky for five old ages of my life. From what my aunt Tell told me there are many support groups for households who have kids with Down s syndrome, there are besides many households willing to follow. The plans at school for these kids are really adaptable to the demands of the person. Most kids with Down s syndrome can travel to school and acquire along good, they make a valuable part to the schoolroom and their fellow pupils. The determination is a hard one and I think that there are many options that need to be explored before anyone can do an informed determination. Watching my cousin grow into the adult male he is today has strengthened my belief that although Down s is a awful thing, with a loving household they can bask life. Mentions: Bobrow, Martin, Hall, Sue, and Marteau Theresa M. Psychological Conseqences for parents of false negative consequences on antenatal showing for Down s syndrome British Medical Journal 320.7232 ( 12 Feb 2000 ) : 407-412 Platt, L. and Carlson, D. Prenatal diagnosing # 8211 ; when and how? NEJM 327 ( 1992 ) :636-638. Smith, David S. Frequently Asked Questions Understanding The Gift of Life.

The Freedom Of Speech Essay Example For Students

The Freedom Of Speech Essay The founders of the United States government tried to protect our liberty by assuring a free press, to gather and publish information without being under control or power of another, in the First Amendment to the Constitution. We are not very protected by this guarantee, so we concern ourselves on account of special interest groups that are fighting to change the freedom of expression, the right to freely represent individual thoughts, feeling and views, in order to protect their families as well as others. These groups, religious or otherwise, believe that publishing unorthodox material is an abuse of free expression under the First Amendment. As we know, the Supreme Court plays an important role in the subject of free speech and expression, and we need to understand that the court system is the center of the interpretation of our First Amendment rights. We will write a custom essay on The Freedom Of Speech specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now There are various reasons given for censorship; a classroom or library may restrict or ban a book or other learning resource because it includes social, political, or religious views believed to be inappropriate or threatening. A movie or TV program may be considered violent, or indecent because of nudity or inappropriate behavior. Also, a song or speech could contain language thought to be vulgar, or ideas and values that some consider objectionable. Although these examples are good reasons for censorship, initiating these steps would unveil a censorship disaster. Looking at all levels of American citizens, some of the people that want censorship are legislators on a local, state, and even federal level. Others are members of boards or committees, organized to review books, films, or other forms of communication on behalf of a community. Occasionally the censurers are teachers, librarians, or school administrators, who determine that a book or a classroom item may not be suitable fo r the students. Often censurers are parents, members of religious groups, or just citizens who are concerned about the presence of indecent or improper material in their schools, libraries, theaters, bookstores, television, and else where in the community. As always, there are those individuals that oppose the power to censor. There are members of society that believe in the freedom to speak publicly and to publish. This is a basic belief in the freedom of expression and is to be protected by the First Amendment to the Constitution. On the eve of the bicentennial of the Bill of Rights, the first wave of a nationwide survey, comprising more than 1500 citizens was conducted. Through this survey it was found that American rate free speech as their second most precious First Amendment right and regard a free press highly in the abstract. Although there are strong cases made for and against censorship, the rising trend calling for censorship can threaten our basic rights to free expressi on and the right to be informed. At the center of the debate is the First Amendment to the Constitution, which guarantees our right to read, speak, write, and communicate freely. The government at the state or federal level cannot interfere with this right. However, the First Amendment does not protect some forms of expression including libel and slander, false advertising, and obscenity. Compared to other countries within the world, we are advanced politically and technically. Our ability to learn and to communicate with one another will only make the complex issue of censorship grow. We should consider ourselves lucky by world standards, in many countries the freedom of expression is extremely limited, or sometimes not permitted at all. In these societies, the government censors views that are not in line with their policies, controlling controversial opinions on television, in newspapers, and even in public or private meetings. Members in our society believe in following the tradition of our First Amendment. This tradition allows us the freedom to read, write, speak, and therefore to learn. Our basic freedom is necessary for progressing society. It would be impossible ever to agree upon what should and should not be censored.

USS Monitor in the American Civil War

USS Monitor in the American Civil War One of the first ironclads constructed for the US Navy, the origins of USS Monitor began with changes in naval ordnance during the 1820s. Early in that decade, French artillery officer Henri-Joseph Paixhans developed a mechanism that allowed for shells to be fired with flat trajectory, high-powered naval guns. Trials using the old ship-of-the-line Pacificateur (80 guns) in 1824 showed that exploding shells could inflict significant damage on traditional wooden hulls. Refined over the next decade, shell-firing guns based on Paixhans design were common in the worlds leading navies by the 1840s. Rise of the Ironclad Recognizing wooden ships vulnerability to shells, Americans Robert L. and Edwin A. Stevens began the design of an armored floating battery in 1844. Forced to re-evaluate the design due to rapid advances in shell technology, the project came to a halt a year later when Robert Stevens fell ill. Though resurrected in 1854, the Stevens vessel never came to fruition. During this same period, the French successfully experimented with armored floating batteries during the Crimean War (1853-1856). Based on these results, the French Navy launched the worlds first ocean-going ironclad, La Gloire, in 1859. This was followed by the Royal Navys HMS Warrior (40) a year later. Union Ironclads With the start of the Civil War, the US Navy convened an Ironclad Board in August 1861 to assess potential designs for armored warships. Calling for proposals for iron-clad steam vessels of war, the board sought vessels capable of operating in the shallow waters along the American coast. The board was further spurred to action due to reports that the Confederacy was seeking to convert the captured remains of USS Merrimack (40) into an ironclad. The board ultimately selected three designs to be constructed: USS Galena (6), USS  Monitor (2), and USS New Ironsides (18) Monitor was designed by Swedish-born inventor John Ericsson who had previously had a falling out with the Navy in the wake of the 1844 USS Princeton disaster which had killed six people including Secretary of State Abel P. Upshur and Secretary of the Navy Thomas W. Gilmer. Though he had not intended to submit a design, Ericsson became involved when  Cornelius S. Bushnell consulted him regarding the Galena project. In the course of the meetings, Ericsson showed Bushnell his own concept for an ironclad and was encouraged to submit his revolutionary design. Design Consisting of a revolving turret mounted on a low armored deck, the design was likened to a cheese box on a raft. Possessing a low freeboard, only the ships turret, stacks, and small armored pilot house projected above the hull. This almost non-existent profile made the ship very difficult to hit, though it also meant that it performed badly on the open sea and was prone to swamping. Highly impressed by Ericssons innovative design, Bushnell traveled to Washington and convinced the Navy Department to authorize its construction. The contract for the ship was given to Ericsson and work began in New York. Construction Subcontracting the construction of the hull to Continental Iron Works in Brooklyn, Ericsson ordered the ships engines from Delamater Co. and the turret from Novelty Iron Works, both of New York City. Working at a frenetic pace, Monitor was ready for launch within 100 days of being laid down. Entering the water on January 30, 1862, workers began finishing and fitting out the ships interior spaces. On February 25 work was completed and Monitor commissioned with Lieutenant John L. Worden in command. Sailing from New York two days later, the ship was forced to return after its steering gear failed. USS Monitor - General Nation: United StatesBuilder: Continental Iron Works, Brooklyn, NYLaid Down: October 1861Launched: January 30, 1862Commissioned: February 25, 1862 Fate: Lost at sea, December 31, 1862 Specifications Type: Monitor-class ironcladDisplacement: 987 tonsLength: 172 ft.Beam: 41 ft. 6 in.Draft: 10 ft. 6 in.Complement: 59Speed: 8 knots Armament 2 x XI-inch Dahlgren smoothbores Operational History Following repairs, Monitor departed New York on March 6, this time under tow, with orders to proceed to Hampton Roads. On March 8, the newly completed Confederate ironclad CSS Virginia steamed down the Elizabeth River and struck at the Union squadron at Hampton Roads. Unable to pierce Virginias armor, the wooden Union ships were helpless and the Confederate succeeded in sinking the sloop of war USS Cumberland and frigate USS Congress. As darkness fell, Virginia withdrew with the intention of returning the next day to finish off the remaining Union ships. That night Monitor arrived and took up a defensive position. Returning the next morning, Virginia encountered Monitor as it approached USS Minnesota. Opening fire, the two ships began the worlds first battle between ironclad warships. Pounding each other for over four hours, neither was able to inflict significant damage on the other. Though Monitors heavier guns were able to crack Virginias armor, the Confederates scored a hit on their adversarys pilot house temporarily blinding Worden. Unable to defeat Monitor, Virginia withdrew leaving Hampton Roads in Union hands. For the rest of the spring, Monitor remained, guarding against another attack by Virginia. During this time, Virginia attempted to engage Monitor on several occasions but was refused as Monitor was under presidential orders to avoid battle unless absolutely required. This was due to President Abraham Lincolns fear that the ship would be lost allowing Virginia to take control of the Chesapeake Bay. On May 11, after Union troops captured Norfolk, the Confederates burned Virginia. Its nemesis removed, Monitor began participating in regular operations, including reconnaissance of the James River to Drurys Bluff on May 15. After supporting Major General George McClellans Peninsula Campaign in the summer, Monitor participated in the Union blockade at Hampton Roads that fall. In December, the ship received orders to proceed south to aid in operations against Wilmington, NC. Departing under tow by USS Rhode Island, Monitor cleared the Virginia Capes on December 29. Two nights later, it began to take water as it encountered a storm and high waves off Cape Hatteras. Foundering, Monitor sank along with sixteen of its crew. Though in service for less than a year, it profoundly influenced warship design and several similar ships were built for the Union Navy. In 1973, the wreck was discovered sixteen miles southeast of Cape Hatteras. Two years later it was designated a national marine sanctuary. At this time, some artifacts, such as the ships propeller, were removed from the wreck. In 2001, recovery efforts began to salvage the ships steam engine. The next year, Monitors innovative turret was raised. These have all been taken to the Mariners Museum in Newport News, VA for preservation and display.

Tragedies and Tearjerkers - Top Ten Saddest Plays

Tragedies and Tearjerkers - Top Ten Saddest Plays The following list is a continuation of the Top Ten Saddest Plays Ever Written. You can read the entries #10 through #6 by checking out the beginning of the list. #5 - Medea Heres how Ancient History expert N. S. Gill describes the basic plot of Euripides Greek tragedy: Medea is a witch. Jason knows this, as do Creon and Glauce, but Medea seemed appeased, so when she presents a wedding gift to Glauce of a dress and crown, Glauce accepts them. The theme is familiar from the death of Hercules. When Glauce puts on the robe it burns her flesh. Unlike Hercules, she dies. Creon dies, too, trying to help his daughter. So far the motives and reactions seem understandable, but then Medea does the unspeakable. In the gruesome tragedy Medea, the title character, murders her own children. However, before she can be punished, Helios sun chariot swoops down and she flies off into the sky. So in a sense, the playwright creates a double tragedy. The audience witnesses a tragic act, and subsequently witnesses the escape of the perpetrator. The murderer does not get her comeuppance, thereby infuriating the audience all the more. #4 - The Laramie Project The most tragic aspect of this play is that it is based upon a true story. The Laramie Project is a documentary-styled play that analyzes the death of Matthew Shepard, an openly gay college student who was brutally murdered because of his sexual identity. The play was created by playwright/director Moisà ©s Kaufman and members of the Tectonic Theater Project. The theater group traveled from New York to the town of Laramie, Wyoming - just four weeks after the death of Shepard. Once there, they interviewed dozens of townspeople, collecting a wide array of different perspectives. The dialogue and monologues which comprise The Laramie Project are taken from interviews, news reports, courtroom transcripts, and journal entries. Kaufmann and his team of activists turned their journey into a theatrical experiment that is as innovative as it is heart wrenching. Learn more about this play. #3 - Long Days Journey into Night Unlike the other dramas mentioned on the list, no character dies during the course of the play. Yet, the family in Eugene ONeills Long Days Journey into Night is in a state of constant mourning, lamenting lost happiness as they reflect upon how their lives could have been. We can tell within the first few exchanges of Act One, this family has grown accustomed to harsh criticism as default form of communication. Disappointment runs deep, and although the father spends a great deal of time and energy complaining about his sons failures, at times the young men are their own harshest critics. Read more about Eugene ONeills dramatic masterpiece. #2 - King Lear Every line of iambic pentameter in Shakespeares tale of an abused old king is so depressing and brutal that theater producers in the Victorian Age would allow substantial changes to the plays ending in order to give audiences something slightly more upbeat. Throughout this classic drama, the audience wants to simultaneously slap and embrace King Lear. You want to smack him because he is too stubborn to acknowledge the ones who truly love him. And you want to hug him because he is so misguided and so easily fooled, he allows the evil characters to take advantage of him then abandon him to the storm. Why does it rank so high on my list of tragedies? Perhaps its simply because I am a father, and I cant imagine my daughters sending me out into the cold. (Fingers crossed they are kind to me in my old age!) #1 - Bent This play by Martin Sherman may not be as widely read as the other tragedies previously mentioned, but because of its intense, realistic depiction of concentration camps, execution, anti-Semitism, and homophobia it deserves the highest place among the saddest plays in dramatic literature. Martin Shermans play is set in mid 1930s Germany, and centers around Max, a young gay man who is sent to a concentration camp. He pretends to be Jewish believing that he wont be persecuted as much as the homosexuals in the camp. Max undergoes extreme hardship and witnesses obscene horrors. And yet amid the abject cruelty he is still able to meet someone kind, a fellow prisoner with whom he falls in love. In spite all the barrage of hatred, torture, and indignity, the main characters are still able to mentally transcend their nightmarish surroundings at least for as long as they are together.

Latin american history Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Latin american history - Essay Example analysis of the political and economic history of Columbia, Cuba, and Mexico, this essay demonstrates that the flawed economic policies of the countries are predominantly at fault. In Latin America, the 1980’s are referred to as ‘Decada de aprendizaje doloroso’ , or the decade of painful experiences. Nowhere were these experiences more evident than in Columbia. According to David Robinson, â€Å"economic problems†¦had a significant impact on the political systems in the region. Elected governments still tend to support their own interests or those of elite groups (Robinson).† The government had increasing levels of foreign debt, which forced them to devalue the currency repeatedly. People from rural areas became poorer. Even the resource-rich Columbia faced internal problems of guerrillas and the drug cartels. According to a May 8, 1990 Time magazine article, kidnapping and murder of political aspirants became a routine affair carried out by the drug cartels, in order to influence the outcome of the elections. According to the magazine, 503 people were murdered and 18 kidnapped in a single week in May. From the United States per spective, Columbia is of national importance because of its geographic location and natural resources Although Columbia is an ally of the United States, 90% of the illegal cocaine in the United States comes from Columbia, which has still not become a safe place. Fighting continues between the armed groups maintained by the drug cartels and the government forces. A United Nations report indicates that â€Å"2 million people have been displaced because of armed conflict in Columbia† this year. Most of the internally displaced persons were Afro-Columbians, who fled because they were frightened of the fighting between the Columbian army and the armed groups operating near the Atrato river in north-western Columbia. Although a determined effort by the government to overcome the drug cartels has resulted in a semblance of order in

Enviroment science lab3 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Enviroment science lab3 - Essay Example According to Budyko (1982), anthropogenic activities of man more so industrialization and agriculture are the key contributor to the greenhouse gases. The data clearly indicates that, between 1990 and 2005, there has been an increase in the CO2 by more than 20 mol-1 in the five regions. Anthropogenic activities in the regions of studies in regard to the production of greenhouse gases, which are deforestation to create space for industrial development and agriculture and combustion of fossil fuels, have been on the rise. With this being the trend, is clear that in the last forty year, CO2 emission was lower. This is because industrialization was low and the population that needed to be fed from agriculture was low too. Therefore, deforestation and green gas emission was low making my hypothesis is right (Budyko, 1982). Earth System Research Laboratory: Global Monitoring Division. (n.d.). Retrieved from U.S Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Research web site: http:

Coconut Tree Essay Example for Free

Coconut Tree Essay The coconut tree as a â€Å"tree of life† is characteristically a food supplier as this tree provides fruit and is well-known to be devoid of any anti-nutrient factors and is known as a whole food with 5,000 years of recorded use in food preparation with health benefits.The fruit is edible at any stage of maturity. It provides not only a solid food but a large volume of very safe and healthy drinking water-based juice. The fruit of the coconut palm is the main source of many food products such as coconut milk/cream, desiccated coconut, coconut chip, coconut water, nata de coco, coconut oil, copra, etc. Apart from these, the unopened inflorescence can produce coconut sap or toddy (tuba) which can be processed into high value and nutritious food products. Coconut sap sugar, considered to be one of the best natural sweeteners, is truly a perfect and healthier substitute for artificial sweeteners because it is not a product of chemical laboratories, not an artificial sweetener and not a by-product of sugar cane, not brown sugar nor muscuvado sugar. Coco sugar is good for both diabetic and non-diabetic consumers because it does not induce high blood sugar because it has a Low Glycemic index. Glycemic index (GI) is a numerical system of measuring how much of a rise in circulating blood sugar a carbohydrate triggers-the higher the number, the greater blood sugar response. So a low GI food will cause a small rise, while a high GI food will trigger the opposite. GI is about the quality of the carbohydrates, not the quantity. Coco sugar can be good for weigh maintenance. (Dr. Trinidad P. Trinidad, Scientist II of the Food and Nutrition Research Institute – Department of Science and Technology.) It is also rich in various amino acids, vitamins and minerals that are essential for the human body to benefit.

Robert Louis Stevenson was born November 13, 1850 in Edinburgh, Scotlan

Robert Louis Stevenson was born November 13, 1850 in Edinburgh, Scotland Throughout his childhood, he suffered chronic health. A Study of Robert Louis Stevenson’s use of settings, characters and symbolism in ‘The Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde’. Robert Louis Stevenson was born November 13, 1850 in Edinburgh, Scotland throughout his childhood; he suffered chronic health problems that confined him to bed. He lived in constant fear of death and some people believe that this was where he got his grim outlook on life from. The strongest influence during his childhood was that of his nurse, Allison Cunningham, who often read aloud Pilgrim's Progress and The Old Testament, his most direct literary influences during this time. Originally he did not intend to be an author, his father wanted him to follow in his footsteps and become an architect. He lived in Edinburgh for most of his life; it was split into two, both sides played a part in molding his personality and outlook. On one hand was the New Town, respectable, upstanding, deeply religious, and polite. On the other was a much more bohemian Edinburgh, symbolised by brothels and shadiness. The juxtaposition of the two aspects in contrast to each other made a deep impression and strengthened his fascination with the duality of human nature, later providing the theme for ‘The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde’. Throughout the history of the book critics have struggled to choose the genre in which the book falls. The most popular opinion is that it is a Gothic novel and lies alongside Frankenstein and Dracula. Like these books Stevenson put most of the events in the book happening during the night to give it a ‘gloomy’ feel. The part where ... ...pectives. In the beginning chapters to set the scene Stevenson narrates the story as a third person, for example he describes the ‘door which was equipped with neither bell nor knocker,’ of the house in which Hyde lives. The Carew murder case was told as third person, but also had a detailed account from the maid who saw it all out of her window to make the tale more believable. In the chapter, ‘The Last Night,’ Poole the butler gives his account of the Jekyll and Hyde story, which gives the reader an insight into different characters and their personalities. And the final points of view are from Dr Lanyon and Jekyll’s letters. I think that both these letters give the reader a chance to be a ‘detective’ and piece together he two stories and find a constant theme. It also makes it seem more believable and less bias if it is written by two different people.

Disastrous Date Essay

Three years ago my good friend set me up on a blind date, but before going on the date I wanted to get to know my potential date. After talking to him for a couple of weeks and getting to know him we finally decided to have our first date. He was a gentleman he came to the airport to pick me up, opened the door and was polite. Our conversation in the car had no awkward moments of silence as we headed to our restaurant. The restaurant was his pick which was a surprise to me since it was Ruth’s Chris Steak house. We ordered appetizer’s and drinks to start off the date, we talked and laughed over dinner and shared some embarrassing moments over dessert. In my mind I thought is this night too good to be true. We spent over three hours talking and laughing as the night came to an end the waitress brought our check. This is where it gets interesting. As he’s frantically checking his pockets for his wallet in my mind I’m thinking he’s joking with me he did have a sense of humor over dinner. Don’t get me wrong I don’t ever mind paying for dinner, but on a first date â€Å"forgetting your wallet† might be pushing it especially when you’re having dinner at a steak house. At the end I ended up paying for our dinner which wasn’t cheap, we headed out and drove back to his hotel and it turned out his wallet was left behind now I don’t know if it was intentionally left behind, but it was defiantly at the hotel. We freshened up and headed out again to continue our night. Till this day my husband and I laugh at my first disastrous date and what’s even funnier is that my husband is the guy who â€Å"forgot his wallet.† So my bad experience actually ended up turning into a good one.

Hybrid Cultures Essay

The ease of travel and almost universal access to the information superhighway facilitates the massive cultural exchange that goes on in the world today. In 2005, Kwai-Cheung Lo had written extensively on the exportation of Hong Kong popular culture and its strange relationship to China. Hong Kong could be considered one of the best modern examples of a hybrid culture. Settled by the British for 150 years before its transfer back to China in 1997, Hong Kong bears much similarity to the West in terms of economic development and commerce. Its culture, however, is quite different from the mainland and reconciling the two by expanding the definition of what it means to be Chinese is necessary as HK becomes less an independent entity and more of a Chinese protectorate. Today, the vast storehouse of popular culture proves that the sharp lines between different nations are thinning with martial arts films, anime, and panda bears occupy the same space as Western action movies, McDonalds, and pop music. Massive immigration from third world countries to the West, coupled with Western business people consulting with Asian companies contributes to the growing cultural exchange. The Disney phenomenon is a good example of this. Starting as a small theme park in Anaheim, CA, the company had developed parks in Florida, Paris, and Japan. Yet, the Japanese are determined to retain elements of their native culture even as they embrace an American business concept. When sociologists compared the American Disneyland with the Japanese version, they found many similarities and differences. For example, â€Å"Jungle Cruise is arguably the most American. It is a traditional Disney ride that has changed little over the years. TDL (Tokyo Disneyland) has kept the design and narrative of Jungle Cruise while modifying its spiel. Cinderella’s Castle Mystery Tour in contrast is unique to TDL. It is a story of Disney heroes and villains written for and told by the Japanese†(p. 32). References Luo, K. C. (2005). Chinese Face/Off: The Transnational Popular Culture of Hong Kong. University of Illinois Press Raz, A. E. (1999). Riding the Black Ship: Japan and Tokyo Disneyland. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Asia Center

Calcium Facts - Ca or Atomic Number 20

Calcium Facts - Ca or Atomic Number 20 Calcium is silver to gray solid metal that develops a pale yellow tint. It is element atomic number 20 on the periodic table with the symbol Ca. Unlike most transition metals, calcium and its compounds exhibit a low toxicity. The element is essential for human nutrition. Take a look at calcium periodic table facts and learn about the elements history, uses, properties, and sources. Calcium Basic Facts Symbol: CaAtomic Number: 20Atomic Weight: 40.078Classification: Alkaline EarthCAS Number: 7440-701-2 Calcium Periodic Table Location Group: 2Period: 4Block: s Calcium Electron Configuration Short Form: [Ar]4s2Long Form: 1s22s22p63s23p64s2Shell Structure: 2 8 8 2 Calcium Discovery Discovery Date: 1808Discoverer: Sir Humphrey Davy [England]Name: Calcium derives its name from the Latin calcis which was the word for lime (calcium oxide, CaO) and limestone (calcium carbonate, CaCO3)History: The Romans prepared lime in the first century, but the metal was not discovered until 1808. Swedish chemist Berzelius and Swedish court physician Pontin created an amalgam of calcium and mercury by electrolyzing lime and mercury oxide. Davy managed to isolate pure calcium metal from their amalgam. Calcium Physical Data State at room temperature (300 K): SolidAppearance: fairly hard, silvery white metalDensity: 1.55 g/ccSpecific Gravity: 1.55 (20  °C)Melting Point: 1115 KBoiling Point: 1757 KCritical Point: 2880 KHeat of Fusion: 8.54 kJ/molHeat of Vaporization: 154.7 kJ/molMolar Heat Capacity: 25.929 J/mol ·KSpecific Heat: 0.647 J/g ·K (at 20  °C) Calcium Atomic Data Oxidation States: 2 (most common), 1Electronegativity: 1.00Electron Affinity: 2.368 kJ/molAtomic Radius: 197 pmAtomic Volume: 29.9 cc/molIonic Radius: 99 (2e)Covalent Radius: 174 pmVan der Waals Radius: 231 pmFirst Ionization Energy: 589.830 kJ/molSecond Ionization Energy: 1145.446 kJ/molThird Ionization Energy: 4912.364 kJ/mol Calcium Nuclear Data Number of Naturally Occurring Isotopes: 6Isotopes and % Abundance: 40Ca (96.941), 42Ca (0.647), 43Ca (0.135), 44Ca (2.086), 46Ca (0.004) and 48Ca (0.187) Calcium Crystal Data Lattice Structure: Face-Centered CubicLattice Constant: 5.580 Ã…Debye Temperature: 230.00 K Calcium Uses Calcium is essential for human nutrition. Animals skeletons get their rigidity primarily from calcium phosphate. The eggs of birds and shells of mollusks are comprised of calcium carbonate. Calcium is also necessary for plant growth. Calcium is used as a reducing agent when preparing metals from their halogen and oxygen compounds; as a reagent in purification of inert gases; to fix atmospheric nitrogen; as a scavenger and decarbonizer in metallurgy; and for making alloys. Calcium compounds are used in making lime, bricks, cement, glass, paint, paper, sugar, glazes, as well as for many other uses. Miscellaneous Calcium Facts Calcium is the 5th most abundant element in the Earths crust, making up 3.22% of the earth, air, and oceans.Calcium is not found free in nature, but calcium compounds are common. Some of the most common compounds found on Earth are limestone (calcium carbonate - CaCO3), gypsum (calcium sulfate - CaSO4 ·2H2O), fluorite (calcium fluoride - CaF2) and apatite (calcium fluorophosphate - CaFO3P or calcium chlorophosphate - CaClO3P)The top three countries that produce calcium are China, United States and India.Calcium is the main component of teeth and bones. However, too much calcium can lead to kidney stones or artery calcification.Calcium is the fifth most abundant element in the human body. Approximately one third of the mass of the human body is calcium after all water is removed.Calcium burns with a dark red color in a flame test.Calcium is used in fireworks to deepen the color. Calcium salts are used to produce orange in fireworks.Calcium metal is soft enough to cut with a knife, a lthough somewhat harder than the metal lead. People and other animals can often taste the calcium ion. People report is as contributing a mineral, sour, or salty flavor.Calcium metal reacts exothermically with water or acid. Skin contact with calcium metal can cause irritation, corrosion, and chemical burns. Ingesting or inhaling calcium metal can be fatal due to the burns it can produce. Sources Hluchan, Stephen E.; Pomerantz, Kenneth (2006)  Calcium and Calcium Alloys. Ullmanns Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry.  Weinheim: Wiley-VCH, doi:10.1002/14356007.a04_515.pub2Greenwood, Norman N.; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). Butterworth-Heinemann. ISBN 0-08-037941-9.

Italian Improper Prepositions - Preposizioni Improprie

Italian Improper Prepositions - Preposizioni Improprie The Italian prepositions ​di, a, da, in, con, su, per, tra (fra), the so-called preposizioni semplici (simple prepositions), perform a variety of functions and are the most frequently used. However, these prepositions have a lesser-known counterpart ones with less variety, but that have a greater specificity of meaning. They’re called â€Å"improper prepositions.† And yes, if you’re wondering, there are â€Å"proper prepositions,† and we’ll talk about those soon. Why must you get to know these? Because they help you say things like â€Å"behind the house,† â€Å"during dinner,† or â€Å"except him.† Many grammarians define these forms as improper prepositions (preposizioni improprie), which are also (or have been in the past) adverbs, adjectives, or verbs. Here they are: Davanti - In front, across from, opposite fromDietro - Behind, afterContro - In front of, againstDopo - After, beyondPrima - First, in front ofInsieme - With, together with, along withSopra - On top of, upon, above, over Sotto - Below, beneathDentro - In, inside, withinFuori - BeyondLungo - During, throughout, along, alongsideVicino - NearbyLontano - Faraway, distantSecondo - On the basis of, according to, alongDurante - During, throughoutMediante - By, through, via, by means ofNonostante - In spite of, despiteRasente - Very near to, very close toSalvo - Save, except forEscluso - ExceptEccetto - ExceptTranne - Except So, which prepositions are proper? Grammarians define proper prepositions (preposizioni proprie) as those that have only a prepositional function, namely: di, a, da,in, con, su, per, tra (fra) (su also has an adverbial function, but routinely is considered one of the proper prepositions). The following are some examples of preposition-adverbs, preposition-adjectives, and preposition-verbs, highlighting their diverse functions. Preposition-Adverbs The largest group is that of the preposition-adverbs (davanti, dietro, contro, dopo, prima, insieme,sopra, sotto, dentro, fuori): Lho rivisto dopo molto tempo. - I saw him again after a long time. (prepositional function)Lho rivisto unaltra volta, dopo. - I saw him again after that. (adverbial function) Preposition-Adjectives Less numerous are preposition-adjectives (lungo, vicino, lontano, salvo, secondo): Camminare lungo la riva - To walk along the shore (prepositional function)Un lungo cammino - A long walk (adjectival function) Participles There are also some verbs, in the form of participles, that in contemporary Italian function almost exclusively as prepositions (durante, mediante, nonostante, rasente, escluso, eccetto): Durante la sua vita - During his lifetime (prepositional function)Vita natural durante - Lifetime (participial function) Among these preposition-verbs, a special case is that of tranne, from the imperative form of trarre (tranne traine). To determine whether a certain term is used as a preposition or has a different function, note that in the previous examples what characterizes and distinguishes the prepositions from other parts of speech is the fact that they establish a relationship between two words or two groups of words. Prepositions are special because they introduce a complement to the verb, the noun, or the entire sentence. If there is no complement, it is not a preposition. Some Italian improper prepositions can be combined with other prepositions (especially a and di) to form locuzioni preposizionali (prepositional phrases) such as: Vicino a - Near, next toAccanto a - Next to, besideDavanti a - In front ofDietro a - BehindPrima di - BeforeDopo di - AfterFuori di - Outside ofDentro di - Inside, withinInsieme con (or assieme a) - Together withLontano da - Away from Prepositions Nouns Many prepositional phrases result from the pairing of prepositions and nouns: In cima a - On top of, at the top ofIn capo a - Within, underIn mezzo a - In the middle of, amongNel mezzo di - In the middle of, in the midst ofIn base a - On the basis of, according toIn quanto a - As for, in terms ofIn confronto a - Compared to, in comparison toA fianco di - At the side of, on the side ofAl cospetto di - In the presence ofPer causa di - Because of, on grounds ofIn conseguenza di - As a result ofA forza di - Because of, through , by persisting thatPer mezzo di - By means of, by way ofPer opera di - ByA meno di - Less than, withoutAl pari di - As much as, in common withA dispetto di - In spite of, despiteA favore di - In favor ofPer conto di - On behalf ofIn cambio di - In exchange forAl fine di - For the purpose of, in order to Prepositional Phrases Prepositional phrases have the same function as prepositions, as shown by these examples: Lha ucciso per mezzo di un pugnale / Lha ucciso con un pugnale. - He killed him using a dagger / He killed him with a dagger.Lha fatto al fine di aiutarti / Lha fatto per aiutarti. - He did it in order to help you / He did it to help you. Attenta! Note, however, that prepositions and prepositional phrases are not always interchangeable: for example, either of the following phrases are valid: il ponte à ¨ costruito dagli operai (or da parte degli operai). But â€Å"la costruzione del ponte dagli operai† is grammatically incorrect, while â€Å"la costruzione del ponte da parte degli operai† is acceptable.

Business Strategy and the Kingspan PLC Group Case Study

Business Strategy and the Kingspan PLC Group - Case Study Example According to this view strategy wraps around trading formulas into an acceptable systems where all or part of the firm's investment portfolio are integrated. This view is governed by rules that do not deviate, based on anything other than market action and it eliminates emotions bias because the systems operate within the parameters known by the trader or an investment firm. The proponents of this view argue it in two ways: firstly where a trader only needs to trade at the beginning and at the end to ensure the payoff and secondly it is applied between the start and the maturity of the derivative where a trader needs to trade more than once to ensure the payoff at maturity. 1 It relies on the collection of economic data which consists of measurable values of prices and changes in prices, for measurable commodities for example the cost of a particular commodity and how much of it is being used, the relationship between the general level of prices and the general level of employment this including the observable forms of economic activities such as money, consumption, preferences, buying, selling and prices. A strategy can also be viewed as a planning process that can allow an organization to concentrate its resources on the greatest opportunities to increase sales and achieve a sustainable competitive advantage, serving as a fundamental underpinning of marketing plans designed to reach an organizations marketing goals, policies and action tactics into a cohesive whole. This view may take the form of market dominance where organizations are classified based on the market share or dominance of organization for example, a market leader, a market challenger and a market follower. It may also take the form of the dimensions of the strategic scope relating to the market penetration and strategic strength of the competing firms, where by competitive advantage such as cost leadership, product differentiation and market segmentation can be achieved. 2It also takes the form of dealing with the firm's rate of new product development and business model innovation. It also describes how the firm sh ould grow which is normally done by horizontal integration, vertical integration, diversification or intensification. Another view of a strategy is a process of specifying an organization's visions, initiatives and processes in order to deploy their online assets including: websites, digital audio and video content, rich internet applications, community groups, banner advertisements in a manner that maximizes the business benefits they provide to the organization. This plan is normally presented in three ways:-identifying key opportunities or challenges in a business where online assets can provide a solution:-identifying the unmet needs and goals of the customers that align with key business opportunities and lastly developing a vision on how the assets will fulfil the business and customer needs, goals, opportunities and challenges. The other view of strategy is concerned with geographic direction of state's foreign policy. This describes a foreign policy thrust

The Warsaw Pact and International Relations Research Paper

The Warsaw Pact and International Relations - Research Paper Example With time the concept of International relations became too wide and had to be studied on a broad point of view. In fact, in the latter centuries, the field had to include the presence of diplomats to intervene in cases that were of importance between the countries or related parties. In the case of this essay, International relations will be highlighted in the context of examining the Warsaw Pact, in an endeavor to look at the reasons behind the formation of the same and the implications on global issues. The Warsaw Pact can only be understood on an international relations point of view, by assessing the states and organizations that were implicated by this agreement and the results that emanated from signing the agreement by the involved parties. The essay shall also aim at assessing the strengths and weaknesses of the agreement on an International relations point of view and if its existence was of importance or was just a formality among the involved stakeholders. The Warsaw Pact dates back to May 1955, with its founding members having the idea, that it would be beneficial if they founded a counteractive move on the North Atlantic Alliance. The major proponents of the organization include the USSR, Bulgaria, Poland, Romania, Czechoslovakia, Hungary and Albania. These members had the idea that, for stability to be achieved in Europe, it would be of great importance to come up with an organization that would match the activities and powers of North Atlantic Alliance that was to be the Warsaw Pact Organization. ... he idea that, for stability to be achieved in Europe, it would be of great importance to come up with an organization that would match the activities and powers of North Atlantic Alliance that was to be the Warsaw Pact Organization. However, on another angle, analysts argue that the formation of the Warsaw Pact Organization was of no match to NATO. The major drawbacks that Warsaw Pact faced have a great relationship with breaching the stipulations of the organization’s rules. In relation to this work, nevertheless it is vital to make plain of the fact that, in times of disparities in Europe, the Warsaw Pact played a major role in breaking the barriers that saw NATO almost enjoy total dominance in Europe. In fact, other analysts regard to the Warsaw pact as a form of a stabilizer that came in at the right time in the global arena. On another angle, it was in February, 1991 that the members of the Warsaw Pact decided to come together to come up with a permanent solution in regar d to the issue on Cold War. However, as Windsor (pp.105) indicates, USSR had worked towards anticipation of a withdrawing from the Warsaw Pact. With this held at Budapest, it is evident that there were numerous attempts by the concerned stakeholders to come up with a final decision regarding the dominion of USSR in Europe. This relates to the concept of International relations that related to the aspect of the need to come up with a long lasting solution that would allow the states have peaceful coexistence in the continent. Without the incorporation of meetings by the concerned parties, it is almost impossible for persons to coexist in the society. This explains the reasons behind then setting up of the Warsaw Pact. On another angle, the Warsaw Pact can be indicated to be one of the measures

Supply chain management and SC partnership Essay

Supply chain management and SC partnership - Essay Example He also believed that companies should own and control virtually every aspect of its business. Late 1970's and early 1980's witnessed the development of the manufacturing strategy paradigm. The thinkers of the time argued that a company should devise a focused strategy, creating a focused factory that performs a core activity that the company is best at. Late 1980's saw the development of quality management for setting international quality standards. The International Organization for Standardization created the ISO 9000 certification standards with this purpose in view. Innovations in the process of operations led to the development of Business Process Reengineering in the 1990's. Companies saw the need to become lean in their manufacturing process to remain competitive and BPR aided by helping them eliminate the non-value added steps in their manufacturing process and computerizing the remaining ones to achieve low-cost and higher quality. Then came the Supply chain Management; applying a total system approach to managing the flow from suppliers through factories and warehouses to the end customers. Internet aided the progression during the late 1990's bringing supply chain management to its current level as an essential element of business activity (Chase, Jacobs and Acquilano, 2004). Supply-chain management (SCM) is a method for integrating a manufacturer's operations with those of all of its suppliers and customers and their intermediaries. SCM seeks to integrate the relationships and operations of several-tier suppliers in meeting necessities such as quantity, delivery and the timely exchange of information (Gunasekaran and Ngai, 2004). Supply Chain Management Supply chain management is the discipline of managing the movement of raw materials into an organization and the finished products out of the organization. SCM is an approach that encompasses every process concerned in manufacturing a product, from source to consumption. There has to be a linkage between the suppliers that provide inputs, manufacturing and service support operations that transform the inputs into products and services, and the distribution and local service providers that localize the product (Chase, Jacobs and Acquilano, 2004). This involves building a network that allows a flow of materials, without a break or hitch, throughout the process of production. This flow is fuelled by co-operation, and co-ordination among the diverse channel partners. Supply chain management thrives on improving efficiency and reducing cost of production by focusing on the core competencies of a company. Functions such as procurement of raw materials and distribution of products are outsourced to companies that are better equipped and more cost-efficient to perform them. Strategic planning is necessary to develop a network to monitor the supply chain so that it is efficient, costs less and delivers high quality and value to customers. Information technology has helped integrate the various components of SCM by building a network that aids in sharing necessary data between all supply chain partners within a system. A company

Integrated Project Delivery Process (IPD) Management

Integrated Project Delivery Process (IPD) Management 1.3 Aims and Objectives The overall aim of the project is to managing project communication in IPD process by selection of team which include owner, architecture, builder and management of project through tools and techniques. To analyse how project manager with different cultural back ground and have managed communication on integrated project delivery process in off-site construction projects. The objectives of the project are: To develop an overview of integrated project delivery using effective communication. To enhance project inter-relationships by effective selection of team members To review the contractual agreements in IPD process to improve the standard communication between single to multi-party contracts. To identify key factors that improve project communication in integrated project delivery process. Abstract The increasing global nature of manufactured construction projects has highlighted the importance of communication and the new challenges it brings to project execution. This paper explores the ability of project managers in UK and India in communicating effectively on integrated project delivery process (IPD) in off-site construction projects. This study examines the factors that influence communication and explores how communication can be made effective in integrated project delivery environments. Using data from 5 interviews in and UK and India, analysing the results shows that communications within off-site construction project environments can be effective when project managers demonstrate an awareness of traditional variation. Participants further highlighted that, one of the critical components of integrated project delivery process is the creation and development of effective collectivism, trust, communication and empathy in leadership. The study underscores an urgent need f or future research to investigate effective guidelines or strategies for effective communication in IPD project teams. Introduction:- This study presents a balance between the experiences of project managers from a UK and India. The study aimed to explore how project managers with different cultural background have managed communications In Integrated project delivery process in off-site construction projects. Specifically, the study was designed to explore the efficiency of communications strategies in off-site construction engineering projects. The scope of the research must be carefully designed and controlled so that meaningful and manageable data can be collected, thus research tends to be focused on one particular event or one aspect of communication. This research provides advice on how communication can be improved in integrated project delivery process in off-site construction. Improvements in communication should result in an increase in the quality of the build and a reduction in the level of defect occurrence. The successful completion of the project depends on the accuracy and timing of communication exchange between the project team. The inefficiency of the current communication practice has become a barrier to the innovation in off-site construction processes. Research efforts and direction in the industry, however, have since changed. Several research studies are now focusing on integration of the construction and communication processes through standardization of data, taking advantage of evolving computer technologies. Why in uk and rest of the world? Layout of the Project:- Chapter 2:-Literature review:- This chapter includes all the literatures based on previous journals to improve communication In Integrated project delivery process, and using different tools like BIM Chapter 3:- Theoretical background:- This chapter includes all the required theories research for present study like change in Project Communication levels, response analysis for project communication in off-site construction. Chapter 4:-analysis:- In this chapter, a force response analysis is carried out by considering communication and also by adding integrated project delivery possibility of identification of communication by using BIM is exploded. Chapter 5:- Conclusion:- This chapter concludes the results, observations and future work required of the project. Literature Review Chapter 2: Literature Review 2.1 Introduction This Chapter is the overall content of the literature review carried out and analysed by the author. This gives the overall understanding of the dissertation. Initially, the place of research (UK and India) is given a brief introduction, which helps the international readers to get a geographical idea of the location. The major to improve the communication in integrated project delivery (IPD) process development initiatives and the roles played are discussed thoroughly. The overall content of the dissertation can be described as the combined result of analysis, comparison and criticism on existing IPD practices in the UK and India. The final conclusion is given with the collective results of the overall study. 2.2 Introduction of integrated project delivery process in UK 2.3 Introduction of integrated project delivery process in India For over 150 years, members of the American Institute of Architects have worked with them and their communities to create more valuable, healthy, safe and sustainable buildings and cityscapes. By using sustainable design practices, materials and techniques, AIA architects are uniquely poised to provide leadership and guidance needed to provide solutions to address climate change. AIA architects walk the walk on sustainable design. Visit www.aia.org / walkthewalk. In 2007 the American Institute of Architects (AIA) National and AIA California Council published the Integrated Project Delivery (IPD) Guide. The Guide defines IPD as a project delivery approach that à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“integrates people, systems, business structures and practices into a process that collaboratively harnesses the talents and insights of all participants to optimize project results, increase value to the owner, reduce waste, and maximize efficiency through all phases of design, fabrication, and constructionà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?. The AIA Guide aims to provide a general guidance for owners, designers and contractors to use integrated models to improved design, construction, and operation processes. Practitioners may apply the principles and techniques described in the Guide to any model on any project to achieve a more integrated project. However, certain characteristics of a particular delivery model or project may influence the level of integration that can be achieved. Selection of Primary Team Members (PTM) (i.e., owner, architect, and builder) who can make strategic decisions for the project and has the most valuable input for the rest of the collaboration team members. The research uses PTMs to be distinguished from other subcontractors and suppliers. American Institute of Architects (AIA) National and AIA California Council also explain how to select the initial project team with the six case studies in the report includes Autodesk inc, ACE solutions division headquarters in waltham, MA, sutter health Fairfield medical office building in Fairfield, California, expansion cardinal Glennon childrenà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s hospital in St Louis, MO, Santa Clara Health centre Fenton, MO,Surrounding Ambulatory Health Centre in Appleton, WAS, and the Walter Cronkite School of Journalism, Arizona State University in Phoenix. All participants were selected based on their compliance with the criteria of IPD, including Mutual trust and respect among participants Collaborative innovation Enhanced early planning Open communication in the project team Building Information Modelling (BIM) Support the principles of design, construction and operations Co-location of equipment Transparent finances http://buildinginformationmanagement.wordpress.com/2010/03/04/ipd-national-study-of-integrated-project-delivery-method-demonstrates-efficiencies-and-cost-effectiveness/ Autodesk spent years trying different types of relationships with other design professionals and contractors to find a more effective project delivery process. Ultimately, they developed a relational contracting approach they called Integrated Project Delivery (IPD). By using a relational partnering agreement, IPD aligns the interests of all the PTMs into a common goal. By using the risk/reward sharing mechanism IPD fosters full collaboration and teamwork between the PTMs so that they can work as an integrated team. Typically the IPD team consists of several independent companies for temporary bidding and performing of construction projects. It includes an architect, a general contractor (GC), a mechanical contractor, an electrical contractor, a plumbing contractor, and a mechanical, electrical and plumbing (MEP) engineer. These companies are also referred to as PTMs to be distinguished from other subcontractors and suppliers. PTMs in IPD projects may vary from project to project. Baiden et al., (2010) defined that Communication is essential for the efficient performance of any team especially in construction projects due to skill requirements. The challenge is to ensure that the right information reaches the right person at the right time. Other challenges within the construction project team environment including the alignment of attitudes conflicting with that of the project team and the acceptance more than the compliance of members to share a common vision with the leadership, which is often, imposed by the terms the contract, especially in the early stages of the project. Author also explains that Team integration should be an objective because it leads to efficiency of the delivery process and cost effectiveness through elimination of waste. Competitiveness and profitability are increased which enable firms to deliver better value for money and meet clientsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ needs. In the long-term, integration leads to competiveness as a result of incr eased ability to deliver value for money and better returns on investments in a competitive environment Emmitt and Gorse (2007) have shown that, for factual data transfer, a number of communication problems have been addressed due to the development of rapid global information systems and telecommunications, however, when it comes to off-site projects many issues remain unresolved. For example, the loss of face-to-face communication can lead to misunderstanding and the loss of non-verbal signals such as eye contact and body language. This can subsequently lead to difficulty in achieving mutual trust and confidence within off-site construction project. It is also difficult to manage or supervise off-site projects without face-to-face contact or to confer or develop relationships (Weatherley, 2006). 4.E.G. Ochieng a,, A.D.F. Price b. (2010). Managing cross-cultural communication in multicultural construction project teams: The case of Kenya and UK.  International Journal of Project Management. 28 (1), 449-460. E.G. Ochieng a et al defined the ability of project managers in Kenya and the UK in communicating effectively on multicultural projects. The study examines the cultural factors that influence communication and explores how communication can be made effective in multicultural project environments. Using data from interviews in Kenya and UK , the results show that communications within multicultural project environments can be effective when project managers demonstrate an awareness of cultural variation. Participants further highlighted that, one of the critical components of building multicultural project teams is the creation and development of effective cross cultural collectivism, trust, communication and empathy in leadership. The study underscores an urgent need for future research to investigate effective guidelines or strategies for effective collectivism and communication in off-site construction industry. Turner,2003) defined as Projects are uncertain and so the process for their delivery often cannot be precisely determined from the start. The project manager needs to be empowered to adapt the process as the project develops (Huemann et al., 2004). Also, the purpose of organizing a project should be to create a cooperative, collaborative context for the parties to work in. Levitt and March (1995) say about organizing anything, routine operation or project: Buntrock (2001) introduced 4 models of design development typically found on projects in Japan based on: (1) project participants that are responsible or provide input for each design phase, (2) influence of construction considerations on design development, (3) aesthetic innovation found in components, and (4) performance innovation found in components or systems. Table 4 lists project participant involvement during each design phase to provide a comparative measure for the degree of coordination and collaboration found in our case studies. In particular, Model 4 involving architect, fabricator, and contractor input during all phases of design seems most promising in terms of facilitating innovation inWorkStructuring. Buntrock, D. (2001). Japanese Architecture as a Collaborative Process: Opportunities in a Flexible Construction Culture. Spon Press, New York, 182 pp. Dawood.N et al describes a collaborative research study being undertaken between the University of Teesside and an international contracting organisation based in the UK. The goal of the research is to develop a methodology and a system that will ease and improve communication and exchange of data and information between the construction project team. The author describes reports on an IT-based tool for site document management as a first phase of the storage and distribution of project documents between the construction project team. The structure and development of the system are described with reports of its implementation and performance on the site. This result shows how the available IT facilities can be exploited to improve communication within the whole of the construction supply chain. Optimum utilisation of already available IT can clearly improve the construction processes with accrued benefits. Dawood.N,Akinsola.A,Hobbs.B.(2002).Development of automated communication of system for managing site information using internet technology. Automation in Construction. 11 (3), 552-572. Chapter 3: Research Methodology 3.1 Introduction to the Chapter This chapter explains the research process and approach towards the project. It also highlights the data generation method, risks and limitations of the dissertation. The research done in this dissertation is similar to research process done by Thomas, Nelson and Silverman (2005). Primary source of data ? The information referenced in this literature review, has been taken from different books, published papers .The most of the published papers in journals which have been mentioned in this chapter were taken from two electronic databases Emerald Full text and Business Source Premier (EBSCO). The access to these databases has been through the website of the Salford University Library. The keywords used during this research were communication in integrated project delivery process, project management, multifunctional team communication, project oriented tools like BIM in construction industry, contractors, contract, type of contracts, payment terms for contractors, Secondary source of data ? Why Interview ? Why not questionnaire? The main form of data collection comprised semi-structured interviews with project managers in UK and India the companies involved have construction and professional expertise and experience. The results were particularly important in this study as the participants were selected from a different organisations and project environments. The sample was designed to achieve both UK and Indian companies involved have construction and professional experience of project communication in off-site construction projects. In order to investigate the factors that influenced project communication it was necessary to have a range of organisations in terms of status, size, and projects managed. The five organisations that were selected, where 5 of the participants interviewed, operated in the construction sector. The selected organisations were well balanced in terms of projects managed. In general terms there was a link between the existence of project work and the type of projects undertaken. The five participants were selected on the basis of their project management experience, with each having long-standing familiarity in managing large and complex projects over a period of many years. Each participant provided information regarding the heavy engineering projects they had managed outside UK and India construction industry. Interviewee variety is essential to the quality of data obtained in qualitative research. In this study, the aim of interviewee variety was to explore a diverse proportion of expert views from successful senior project managers on project communication within the UK and india heavy construction industry. The main advantage of this model is that each participant had worked on projects in developing countries. This allowed me to focus in depth on the experiences of each participant. This was particularly important because the research subject data available in worldwide construction and the UK. The participants worked in various types of organisation formations and project arrangements. All participants had a practical understanding of management Interviews were conducted in research to understand the intervieweeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s perspective so that our selection becomes a role in the richness and depth of information obtained.  In this research, interviews sought to harness the expertise and the selection of interviewees was done to reduce biasness and controversy as the definition of a successful project manager continues to generate considerable debate and controversy.  Traditional criteria of success have also been argued as being too simplistic in todays context complex construction project environment (Dainty et al.2003). Dainty, A.R.J., Cheng, M.-I., Moore, D.R., 2003. Redefining performance measures for construction project managers: an empirical evaluation. Construction Management and Economics 21 (2), 209à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"218. An approach to semi-structured interview was used to allow  flow depth and without information from respondents.   The flexible nature also encouraged respondents to participate  full and complete (Fellows and Liu,  2003 Patton, 2002; Schensul et al., 1999).   A combination  strategy was adopted during the interview increased  wealth of data collected.  The strategy follows  presentation by Patton (2002) that the interview three main  approaches: Informal conversation, Interview guide;   Standardized open-ended and not mutually exclusive.   An interview guide was adopted to ensure that all issues  be explored were covered during the interviews  lasted between 45 min and 90 min.  The guide also encouraged  preparation by the respondents and ensured that all  five directors focused on similar topics.  The  restriction imposed on an interview guide was used,  however, removed to allow respondents to more elaborate  on issues that were relevant and important to the performance  Team project implementation through informal conversation  and open questions.  This combination  even more flexible approach of the interviews and  allowed for data relevant to the practices  team integration and collaborative practices met  in a relaxed atmosphere. Case studies were employed to validate the findings. This yielded a better consistency of the findings since it allowed a systematic comparison of different organisations by exploring different management features and examining different levels of behavioural variables involved. Employing various data collection methods provided a complete picture of the issue under investigation. There was a logical progression to the order of the parent codes. This was an attempt to ensure that the main objectives of the study were met. Once this phase was complete, we took each topic in turn and inserted the relevant interview extracts. The analysis continued until data had been reduced amply to enable conclusions to be drawn from the coded data. The findings are presented below, where appropriate illustrative quotations drawn from the interview transcripts have been used to convey participants view. Findings Key dimensions of differences on communication behaviours drawn from participants in Worldwide and UK were used to collate the main attributes deemed to be the most important for 0ff-site construction projects. The reported results present generalised findings based on the 5interviews. The results are presented below under headings drawn from the analysis. Analysis Chapter 4: Data Analysis and Results 4.1 Introduction to the chapter In this study we analyse that communication is viewed as a professional practice where suitable tools and regulations can be applied in order to improve the utility of the data communicated, and is a social process of interaction between individuals. 4.2 Results and Analysis The Results and analysis of this project are arranged as the following questionnaire and the relevant answers from different people through interviews are as follows. Selection of team Teams are used in organisations in most sectors and industries due to the recognition that they are able to outperform individuals acting alone, especially when performance requires multiple skills and judgements Integrated project delivery is a response to the extensive cooperation necessary for 21st century complex projects to be influenced by multiple levels of people organizations. Since it is new, there is a tendency to adjust the focus with each new project. But overall, it works the companies selected for the key project of forming a group that includes the Owner, the AE, MC and may include other key consultants or builders. Usually a single sign, multiparty contract with the owner to form one or more committees of management. The core team establishes a set of project goals, cost, time and quality. Typically, there is emphasis on BIM continuous improvement. IPD is a powerful concept, but it makes more sense when a high degree of cooperation we want, when the importance of the project will capture the attention of major business leaders and when the owner is a leader capable of project delivery processes. IPD selection processes usually start traditional. Unless the Owner has ongoing relationships, the owner invites organizations present their qualifications, the list restricted to a small group and then have interviews. The tradition may end there. In general, interviews are not the typical Wood, PowerPoint show, and repeats followed by Q A-surface where the profits of the show. Its more like a workshop. The signature (s) under consideration may submit qualifications for a few minutes, but the rest of the time is spent without accessories. Discussion turned to the project and how to do it. Other topics of discussion, the companies are asked to evaluate the program and the initial plans. One of the objectives is to use the process to evaluate a companys inclination to work together innovative processes. Unless the teams are previously assembled, it is common affecting Principals in later selections. Whoever is selected in the first place, AE MC or its representative participates in the selection of others. Then both participate in the election code and Sub consultantà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s subcontractors. Public Owner may not be able to include people who are not government employees as voting members of a selection committee but can make them feel in the process and provide feedback. In a collaborative environment that produces the same result. Project specifications and requirements This language is not common in recent IPD contracts. However, the contract usually defines clear project objectives with metrics to measure their achievement. The goals may include classic cost, schedule and quality, but other security objectives, sustainability, participation of small businesses, including minority employment. Some of the objectives (goals often very important) and the spirit of collaboration or the relationship between the relationships might not be measurable. As a result, some owners subjectively assess these issues. Management of teams and task division (multi-party contract) Management of Project team integration can be defined as where different disciplines or organisations with different goals, needs and cultures merge into a single cohesive and mutually supporting unit with collaborative alignment of processes and cultures (Baiden et al., 2010) The management of teams to manage current activities, problem solving, work planning, and anticipating the future challenges. The management teams include the owner and the top executives of each of the majors. Types of teams There may be several multi function teams. Senior Management Team (SMT):- Senior Management Team (SMT) may deal with global issues such as project delivery strategy, reallocation of equipment, changes of address or greater problems. A Committee of Operations or Project Management Team (PMT):- A Committee of Operations or Project Management Team (PMT) can deal with the coordination of everyday design, a major milestone IPD leadership comprising the sequence of decisions and passes the baton to the right person at the right time. Schedule, budget, compliance requirements and quality control, minor change orders. The Coordinating Committee on the Land or Project Implementation Team (PIT) adds Construction Superintendents Project managers and subcontractors active short-range management schedules, presentations, and RFIs. IPD In some projects, the owner reimburses each company at a cost. The companies can work within a guaranteed maximum. Management committee may adjust the distribution of labour within the warranty maximum. All feet are in the hands of a fire. A single group money is funding the entire project is divided into categories to costs, benefits and bonuses to the majors. Some owners have taken this concept and work for a EMC (estimated maximum cost). They argue that the EMC increases transparency and the concept of collaboration. And because central computer no longer under warranty, the owner no longer has the a hidden contingency costs inherent in that is a guarantee.8 useful concept for the convenience of the Owner with full confidence that, as team member he or she has a proper control to manage cost. Staff for personnel, bronze brass an important function of the management fee is the head conflicts. In traditional systems, when a problem project staff, driven by job security and human nature, see problem as the fault of the other organization. They explain their for middle managers. Oppose both climbing stories management organizations and polarize. Soon the leaders, led biased point of view, are angry at each other. A project of IPD usually involving organizations at multiple levels. If there is a problem at the operational level, middle management is together to hear both sides of the story and, if necessary, intensified higher levels of the organization. If the management committees not include the companys leaders are empowered to make decisions, IPD meets. Some companies, especially large firms avoid projects that require the participation of metals. If they do not fully delegate authority to the project team can not be suitable for a project of IPD. By contrast, many large companies A project delivery team include those who are key participants and involved in providing solutions that will meet the clientà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s requirements in the delivery process. The team, therefore, requires members to harness the potential of the processes associated with delivery efficiency Team integration requires a spirit of cooperation to overcome traditional adversarial attitudes and barriers. This requirement means that its members may have to cross traditional departmental or professional boundaries to share their ideas while negotiating conflict at work. The team also requires a competent leader with the ability to drive the overall optimum achievement of initial team goals Shared risk and reward A fully integrated project delivery team, as considered within this thesis, has a single project focus and objectives boundaries between individuals are diminished and team members work towards mutually beneficial outcomes through the free sharing of information. A new team identity is thus formed by the fully integrated team and achievements, failures and successes are collectively shared (Baiden et al., 2010) Division of project requirements between the teams Selection of techniques and tools Apply of tools and techniques Resolve technical issues Integrate the product In off-site construction, integration often refers to collaborative working practices, methods and behaviours that promote an environment where information is freely exchanged among the various parties. Within an integrated team environment various skills and knowledge are seen as shared, and traditional barriers separating the design process from construction activities are removed or marginalised to improve project (Baiden et al., 2010) Integration has been suggested as providing a demonstrable means of improving the effectiveness of teamwork and project delivery team performance (Baiden et al., 2010) Baiden,a. Bernard,K. Andrew D,F. Price b. (2010). The effect of integration on project delivery team effectiveness. International Journal of Project Management. 3 (2), 1-8. Quality checks and engineering works Deliver quality product Integrated Project Delivery Process (IPD) Management Integrated Project Delivery Process (IPD) Management 1.3 Aims and Objectives The overall aim of the project is to managing project communication in IPD process by selection of team which include owner, architecture, builder and management of project through tools and techniques. To analyse how project manager with different cultural back ground and have managed communication on integrated project delivery process in off-site construction projects. The objectives of the project are: To develop an overview of integrated project delivery using effective communication. To enhance project inter-relationships by effective selection of team members To review the contractual agreements in IPD process to improve the standard communication between single to multi-party contracts. To identify key factors that improve project communication in integrated project delivery process. Abstract The increasing global nature of manufactured construction projects has highlighted the importance of communication and the new challenges it brings to project execution. This paper explores the ability of project managers in UK and India in communicating effectively on integrated project delivery process (IPD) in off-site construction projects. This study examines the factors that influence communication and explores how communication can be made effective in integrated project delivery environments. Using data from 5 interviews in and UK and India, analysing the results shows that communications within off-site construction project environments can be effective when project managers demonstrate an awareness of traditional variation. Participants further highlighted that, one of the critical components of integrated project delivery process is the creation and development of effective collectivism, trust, communication and empathy in leadership. The study underscores an urgent need f or future research to investigate effective guidelines or strategies for effective communication in IPD project teams. Introduction:- This study presents a balance between the experiences of project managers from a UK and India. The study aimed to explore how project managers with different cultural background have managed communications In Integrated project delivery process in off-site construction projects. Specifically, the study was designed to explore the efficiency of communications strategies in off-site construction engineering projects. The scope of the research must be carefully designed and controlled so that meaningful and manageable data can be collected, thus research tends to be focused on one particular event or one aspect of communication. This research provides advice on how communication can be improved in integrated project delivery process in off-site construction. Improvements in communication should result in an increase in the quality of the build and a reduction in the level of defect occurrence. The successful completion of the project depends on the accuracy and timing of communication exchange between the project team. The inefficiency of the current communication practice has become a barrier to the innovation in off-site construction processes. Research efforts and direction in the industry, however, have since changed. Several research studies are now focusing on integration of the construction and communication processes through standardization of data, taking advantage of evolving computer technologies. Why in uk and rest of the world? Layout of the Project:- Chapter 2:-Literature review:- This chapter includes all the literatures based on previous journals to improve communication In Integrated project delivery process, and using different tools like BIM Chapter 3:- Theoretical background:- This chapter includes all the required theories research for present study like change in Project Communication levels, response analysis for project communication in off-site construction. Chapter 4:-analysis:- In this chapter, a force response analysis is carried out by considering communication and also by adding integrated project delivery possibility of identification of communication by using BIM is exploded. Chapter 5:- Conclusion:- This chapter concludes the results, observations and future work required of the project. Literature Review Chapter 2: Literature Review 2.1 Introduction This Chapter is the overall content of the literature review carried out and analysed by the author. This gives the overall understanding of the dissertation. Initially, the place of research (UK and India) is given a brief introduction, which helps the international readers to get a geographical idea of the location. The major to improve the communication in integrated project delivery (IPD) process development initiatives and the roles played are discussed thoroughly. The overall content of the dissertation can be described as the combined result of analysis, comparison and criticism on existing IPD practices in the UK and India. The final conclusion is given with the collective results of the overall study. 2.2 Introduction of integrated project delivery process in UK 2.3 Introduction of integrated project delivery process in India For over 150 years, members of the American Institute of Architects have worked with them and their communities to create more valuable, healthy, safe and sustainable buildings and cityscapes. By using sustainable design practices, materials and techniques, AIA architects are uniquely poised to provide leadership and guidance needed to provide solutions to address climate change. AIA architects walk the walk on sustainable design. Visit www.aia.org / walkthewalk. In 2007 the American Institute of Architects (AIA) National and AIA California Council published the Integrated Project Delivery (IPD) Guide. The Guide defines IPD as a project delivery approach that à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“integrates people, systems, business structures and practices into a process that collaboratively harnesses the talents and insights of all participants to optimize project results, increase value to the owner, reduce waste, and maximize efficiency through all phases of design, fabrication, and constructionà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?. The AIA Guide aims to provide a general guidance for owners, designers and contractors to use integrated models to improved design, construction, and operation processes. Practitioners may apply the principles and techniques described in the Guide to any model on any project to achieve a more integrated project. However, certain characteristics of a particular delivery model or project may influence the level of integration that can be achieved. Selection of Primary Team Members (PTM) (i.e., owner, architect, and builder) who can make strategic decisions for the project and has the most valuable input for the rest of the collaboration team members. The research uses PTMs to be distinguished from other subcontractors and suppliers. American Institute of Architects (AIA) National and AIA California Council also explain how to select the initial project team with the six case studies in the report includes Autodesk inc, ACE solutions division headquarters in waltham, MA, sutter health Fairfield medical office building in Fairfield, California, expansion cardinal Glennon childrenà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s hospital in St Louis, MO, Santa Clara Health centre Fenton, MO,Surrounding Ambulatory Health Centre in Appleton, WAS, and the Walter Cronkite School of Journalism, Arizona State University in Phoenix. All participants were selected based on their compliance with the criteria of IPD, including Mutual trust and respect among participants Collaborative innovation Enhanced early planning Open communication in the project team Building Information Modelling (BIM) Support the principles of design, construction and operations Co-location of equipment Transparent finances http://buildinginformationmanagement.wordpress.com/2010/03/04/ipd-national-study-of-integrated-project-delivery-method-demonstrates-efficiencies-and-cost-effectiveness/ Autodesk spent years trying different types of relationships with other design professionals and contractors to find a more effective project delivery process. Ultimately, they developed a relational contracting approach they called Integrated Project Delivery (IPD). By using a relational partnering agreement, IPD aligns the interests of all the PTMs into a common goal. By using the risk/reward sharing mechanism IPD fosters full collaboration and teamwork between the PTMs so that they can work as an integrated team. Typically the IPD team consists of several independent companies for temporary bidding and performing of construction projects. It includes an architect, a general contractor (GC), a mechanical contractor, an electrical contractor, a plumbing contractor, and a mechanical, electrical and plumbing (MEP) engineer. These companies are also referred to as PTMs to be distinguished from other subcontractors and suppliers. PTMs in IPD projects may vary from project to project. Baiden et al., (2010) defined that Communication is essential for the efficient performance of any team especially in construction projects due to skill requirements. The challenge is to ensure that the right information reaches the right person at the right time. Other challenges within the construction project team environment including the alignment of attitudes conflicting with that of the project team and the acceptance more than the compliance of members to share a common vision with the leadership, which is often, imposed by the terms the contract, especially in the early stages of the project. Author also explains that Team integration should be an objective because it leads to efficiency of the delivery process and cost effectiveness through elimination of waste. Competitiveness and profitability are increased which enable firms to deliver better value for money and meet clientsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ needs. In the long-term, integration leads to competiveness as a result of incr eased ability to deliver value for money and better returns on investments in a competitive environment Emmitt and Gorse (2007) have shown that, for factual data transfer, a number of communication problems have been addressed due to the development of rapid global information systems and telecommunications, however, when it comes to off-site projects many issues remain unresolved. For example, the loss of face-to-face communication can lead to misunderstanding and the loss of non-verbal signals such as eye contact and body language. This can subsequently lead to difficulty in achieving mutual trust and confidence within off-site construction project. It is also difficult to manage or supervise off-site projects without face-to-face contact or to confer or develop relationships (Weatherley, 2006). 4.E.G. Ochieng a,, A.D.F. Price b. (2010). Managing cross-cultural communication in multicultural construction project teams: The case of Kenya and UK.  International Journal of Project Management. 28 (1), 449-460. E.G. Ochieng a et al defined the ability of project managers in Kenya and the UK in communicating effectively on multicultural projects. The study examines the cultural factors that influence communication and explores how communication can be made effective in multicultural project environments. Using data from interviews in Kenya and UK , the results show that communications within multicultural project environments can be effective when project managers demonstrate an awareness of cultural variation. Participants further highlighted that, one of the critical components of building multicultural project teams is the creation and development of effective cross cultural collectivism, trust, communication and empathy in leadership. The study underscores an urgent need for future research to investigate effective guidelines or strategies for effective collectivism and communication in off-site construction industry. Turner,2003) defined as Projects are uncertain and so the process for their delivery often cannot be precisely determined from the start. The project manager needs to be empowered to adapt the process as the project develops (Huemann et al., 2004). Also, the purpose of organizing a project should be to create a cooperative, collaborative context for the parties to work in. Levitt and March (1995) say about organizing anything, routine operation or project: Buntrock (2001) introduced 4 models of design development typically found on projects in Japan based on: (1) project participants that are responsible or provide input for each design phase, (2) influence of construction considerations on design development, (3) aesthetic innovation found in components, and (4) performance innovation found in components or systems. Table 4 lists project participant involvement during each design phase to provide a comparative measure for the degree of coordination and collaboration found in our case studies. In particular, Model 4 involving architect, fabricator, and contractor input during all phases of design seems most promising in terms of facilitating innovation inWorkStructuring. Buntrock, D. (2001). Japanese Architecture as a Collaborative Process: Opportunities in a Flexible Construction Culture. Spon Press, New York, 182 pp. Dawood.N et al describes a collaborative research study being undertaken between the University of Teesside and an international contracting organisation based in the UK. The goal of the research is to develop a methodology and a system that will ease and improve communication and exchange of data and information between the construction project team. The author describes reports on an IT-based tool for site document management as a first phase of the storage and distribution of project documents between the construction project team. The structure and development of the system are described with reports of its implementation and performance on the site. This result shows how the available IT facilities can be exploited to improve communication within the whole of the construction supply chain. Optimum utilisation of already available IT can clearly improve the construction processes with accrued benefits. Dawood.N,Akinsola.A,Hobbs.B.(2002).Development of automated communication of system for managing site information using internet technology. Automation in Construction. 11 (3), 552-572. Chapter 3: Research Methodology 3.1 Introduction to the Chapter This chapter explains the research process and approach towards the project. It also highlights the data generation method, risks and limitations of the dissertation. The research done in this dissertation is similar to research process done by Thomas, Nelson and Silverman (2005). Primary source of data ? The information referenced in this literature review, has been taken from different books, published papers .The most of the published papers in journals which have been mentioned in this chapter were taken from two electronic databases Emerald Full text and Business Source Premier (EBSCO). The access to these databases has been through the website of the Salford University Library. The keywords used during this research were communication in integrated project delivery process, project management, multifunctional team communication, project oriented tools like BIM in construction industry, contractors, contract, type of contracts, payment terms for contractors, Secondary source of data ? Why Interview ? Why not questionnaire? The main form of data collection comprised semi-structured interviews with project managers in UK and India the companies involved have construction and professional expertise and experience. The results were particularly important in this study as the participants were selected from a different organisations and project environments. The sample was designed to achieve both UK and Indian companies involved have construction and professional experience of project communication in off-site construction projects. In order to investigate the factors that influenced project communication it was necessary to have a range of organisations in terms of status, size, and projects managed. The five organisations that were selected, where 5 of the participants interviewed, operated in the construction sector. The selected organisations were well balanced in terms of projects managed. In general terms there was a link between the existence of project work and the type of projects undertaken. The five participants were selected on the basis of their project management experience, with each having long-standing familiarity in managing large and complex projects over a period of many years. Each participant provided information regarding the heavy engineering projects they had managed outside UK and India construction industry. Interviewee variety is essential to the quality of data obtained in qualitative research. In this study, the aim of interviewee variety was to explore a diverse proportion of expert views from successful senior project managers on project communication within the UK and india heavy construction industry. The main advantage of this model is that each participant had worked on projects in developing countries. This allowed me to focus in depth on the experiences of each participant. This was particularly important because the research subject data available in worldwide construction and the UK. The participants worked in various types of organisation formations and project arrangements. All participants had a practical understanding of management Interviews were conducted in research to understand the intervieweeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s perspective so that our selection becomes a role in the richness and depth of information obtained.  In this research, interviews sought to harness the expertise and the selection of interviewees was done to reduce biasness and controversy as the definition of a successful project manager continues to generate considerable debate and controversy.  Traditional criteria of success have also been argued as being too simplistic in todays context complex construction project environment (Dainty et al.2003). Dainty, A.R.J., Cheng, M.-I., Moore, D.R., 2003. Redefining performance measures for construction project managers: an empirical evaluation. Construction Management and Economics 21 (2), 209à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"218. An approach to semi-structured interview was used to allow  flow depth and without information from respondents.   The flexible nature also encouraged respondents to participate  full and complete (Fellows and Liu,  2003 Patton, 2002; Schensul et al., 1999).   A combination  strategy was adopted during the interview increased  wealth of data collected.  The strategy follows  presentation by Patton (2002) that the interview three main  approaches: Informal conversation, Interview guide;   Standardized open-ended and not mutually exclusive.   An interview guide was adopted to ensure that all issues  be explored were covered during the interviews  lasted between 45 min and 90 min.  The guide also encouraged  preparation by the respondents and ensured that all  five directors focused on similar topics.  The  restriction imposed on an interview guide was used,  however, removed to allow respondents to more elaborate  on issues that were relevant and important to the performance  Team project implementation through informal conversation  and open questions.  This combination  even more flexible approach of the interviews and  allowed for data relevant to the practices  team integration and collaborative practices met  in a relaxed atmosphere. Case studies were employed to validate the findings. This yielded a better consistency of the findings since it allowed a systematic comparison of different organisations by exploring different management features and examining different levels of behavioural variables involved. Employing various data collection methods provided a complete picture of the issue under investigation. There was a logical progression to the order of the parent codes. This was an attempt to ensure that the main objectives of the study were met. Once this phase was complete, we took each topic in turn and inserted the relevant interview extracts. The analysis continued until data had been reduced amply to enable conclusions to be drawn from the coded data. The findings are presented below, where appropriate illustrative quotations drawn from the interview transcripts have been used to convey participants view. Findings Key dimensions of differences on communication behaviours drawn from participants in Worldwide and UK were used to collate the main attributes deemed to be the most important for 0ff-site construction projects. The reported results present generalised findings based on the 5interviews. The results are presented below under headings drawn from the analysis. Analysis Chapter 4: Data Analysis and Results 4.1 Introduction to the chapter In this study we analyse that communication is viewed as a professional practice where suitable tools and regulations can be applied in order to improve the utility of the data communicated, and is a social process of interaction between individuals. 4.2 Results and Analysis The Results and analysis of this project are arranged as the following questionnaire and the relevant answers from different people through interviews are as follows. Selection of team Teams are used in organisations in most sectors and industries due to the recognition that they are able to outperform individuals acting alone, especially when performance requires multiple skills and judgements Integrated project delivery is a response to the extensive cooperation necessary for 21st century complex projects to be influenced by multiple levels of people organizations. Since it is new, there is a tendency to adjust the focus with each new project. But overall, it works the companies selected for the key project of forming a group that includes the Owner, the AE, MC and may include other key consultants or builders. Usually a single sign, multiparty contract with the owner to form one or more committees of management. The core team establishes a set of project goals, cost, time and quality. Typically, there is emphasis on BIM continuous improvement. IPD is a powerful concept, but it makes more sense when a high degree of cooperation we want, when the importance of the project will capture the attention of major business leaders and when the owner is a leader capable of project delivery processes. IPD selection processes usually start traditional. Unless the Owner has ongoing relationships, the owner invites organizations present their qualifications, the list restricted to a small group and then have interviews. The tradition may end there. In general, interviews are not the typical Wood, PowerPoint show, and repeats followed by Q A-surface where the profits of the show. Its more like a workshop. The signature (s) under consideration may submit qualifications for a few minutes, but the rest of the time is spent without accessories. Discussion turned to the project and how to do it. Other topics of discussion, the companies are asked to evaluate the program and the initial plans. One of the objectives is to use the process to evaluate a companys inclination to work together innovative processes. Unless the teams are previously assembled, it is common affecting Principals in later selections. Whoever is selected in the first place, AE MC or its representative participates in the selection of others. Then both participate in the election code and Sub consultantà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s subcontractors. Public Owner may not be able to include people who are not government employees as voting members of a selection committee but can make them feel in the process and provide feedback. In a collaborative environment that produces the same result. Project specifications and requirements This language is not common in recent IPD contracts. However, the contract usually defines clear project objectives with metrics to measure their achievement. The goals may include classic cost, schedule and quality, but other security objectives, sustainability, participation of small businesses, including minority employment. Some of the objectives (goals often very important) and the spirit of collaboration or the relationship between the relationships might not be measurable. As a result, some owners subjectively assess these issues. Management of teams and task division (multi-party contract) Management of Project team integration can be defined as where different disciplines or organisations with different goals, needs and cultures merge into a single cohesive and mutually supporting unit with collaborative alignment of processes and cultures (Baiden et al., 2010) The management of teams to manage current activities, problem solving, work planning, and anticipating the future challenges. The management teams include the owner and the top executives of each of the majors. Types of teams There may be several multi function teams. Senior Management Team (SMT):- Senior Management Team (SMT) may deal with global issues such as project delivery strategy, reallocation of equipment, changes of address or greater problems. A Committee of Operations or Project Management Team (PMT):- A Committee of Operations or Project Management Team (PMT) can deal with the coordination of everyday design, a major milestone IPD leadership comprising the sequence of decisions and passes the baton to the right person at the right time. Schedule, budget, compliance requirements and quality control, minor change orders. The Coordinating Committee on the Land or Project Implementation Team (PIT) adds Construction Superintendents Project managers and subcontractors active short-range management schedules, presentations, and RFIs. IPD In some projects, the owner reimburses each company at a cost. The companies can work within a guaranteed maximum. Management committee may adjust the distribution of labour within the warranty maximum. All feet are in the hands of a fire. A single group money is funding the entire project is divided into categories to costs, benefits and bonuses to the majors. Some owners have taken this concept and work for a EMC (estimated maximum cost). They argue that the EMC increases transparency and the concept of collaboration. And because central computer no longer under warranty, the owner no longer has the a hidden contingency costs inherent in that is a guarantee.8 useful concept for the convenience of the Owner with full confidence that, as team member he or she has a proper control to manage cost. Staff for personnel, bronze brass an important function of the management fee is the head conflicts. In traditional systems, when a problem project staff, driven by job security and human nature, see problem as the fault of the other organization. They explain their for middle managers. Oppose both climbing stories management organizations and polarize. Soon the leaders, led biased point of view, are angry at each other. A project of IPD usually involving organizations at multiple levels. If there is a problem at the operational level, middle management is together to hear both sides of the story and, if necessary, intensified higher levels of the organization. If the management committees not include the companys leaders are empowered to make decisions, IPD meets. Some companies, especially large firms avoid projects that require the participation of metals. If they do not fully delegate authority to the project team can not be suitable for a project of IPD. By contrast, many large companies A project delivery team include those who are key participants and involved in providing solutions that will meet the clientà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s requirements in the delivery process. The team, therefore, requires members to harness the potential of the processes associated with delivery efficiency Team integration requires a spirit of cooperation to overcome traditional adversarial attitudes and barriers. This requirement means that its members may have to cross traditional departmental or professional boundaries to share their ideas while negotiating conflict at work. The team also requires a competent leader with the ability to drive the overall optimum achievement of initial team goals Shared risk and reward A fully integrated project delivery team, as considered within this thesis, has a single project focus and objectives boundaries between individuals are diminished and team members work towards mutually beneficial outcomes through the free sharing of information. A new team identity is thus formed by the fully integrated team and achievements, failures and successes are collectively shared (Baiden et al., 2010) Division of project requirements between the teams Selection of techniques and tools Apply of tools and techniques Resolve technical issues Integrate the product In off-site construction, integration often refers to collaborative working practices, methods and behaviours that promote an environment where information is freely exchanged among the various parties. Within an integrated team environment various skills and knowledge are seen as shared, and traditional barriers separating the design process from construction activities are removed or marginalised to improve project (Baiden et al., 2010) Integration has been suggested as providing a demonstrable means of improving the effectiveness of teamwork and project delivery team performance (Baiden et al., 2010) Baiden,a. Bernard,K. Andrew D,F. Price b. (2010). The effect of integration on project delivery team effectiveness. International Journal of Project Management. 3 (2), 1-8. Quality checks and engineering works Deliver quality product